By Raffi Bedrosyan
Germany has decided to name several neighborhoods,
streets, buildings, and public schools in Berlin and other German cities after
Adolf Hitler and other Nazi “heroes.” Talat Pasha, If the above statement were to be true, how
would you react? How do you think Germans would react? How do you think Jews
still living in Germany would react? My guess is that you, the Germans, and the
Jews would all find it inconceivable, offensive, and unacceptable. And yet, it is true in Turkey, where it is acceptable to
name several neighborhoods, streets, and schools after Talat Pasha and other
Ittihat ve Terakki (Committee of Union and Progress) “heroes” who not only
planned and carried out the Armenian Genocide, but were responsible for the
loss of the Ottoman Empire itself.
At last count, there were officially 8 “Talat Pasha”
neighborhoods or districts, 38 “Talat Pasha” streets or boulevards, 7 “Talat
Pasha” public schools, 6 “Talat Pasha” buildings, and 2 “Talat Pasha” mosques
scattered around Istanbul, Ankara, and other cities. After his assassination in
1922, Talat was originally interred in Berlin, Germany, but his remains were
transferred to Istanbul in 1943 by the Nazis in an attempt to appease the
Turks. He was re-buried with full military honors at the Infinite Freedom Hill
Cemetery in Istanbul. The remains of the other notorious Ittihat ve Terakki
leader, Enver Pasha, were also transferred in 1996 from Tajikistan and
re-buried beside Talat, with full military honors; the ceremony was attended by
Turkish President Suleyman Demirel and other dignitaries.
Is this hero worship misguided or deliberate? Is the
denial of 1915 only state policy, or is it wholeheartedly accepted by the
Turkish public, brainwashed by the state version of history?
Undoubtedly, there was mass participation in the genocide
committed by the Ittihat ve Terakki leaders, resulting in the removal of
Armenians from their homeland of 3,000 years, as well as the immediate transfer
of their wealth, property, and possessions to the Turkish and Kurdish public,
and to thousands of government officials. Yet, despite this mass participation
and the hero worship, there were also a significant number of ordinary Turks
and Kurds, as well as government officials, who refused to participate in the
massacres and plunders. There is complete silence and ignorance in Turkey about
these righteous officials who refused to follow government orders and instead
tried to save and protect the Armenians. They paid dearly for their actions,
often with the loss of their positions or even their lives as a consequence.
This article will cite some examples of these real and unsung heroes.
Celal Bey was the governor of Konya, a vast central
Anatolian province and a hub for the Armenian deportation routes from north and
west Anatolia to the Syrian desert. He knew exactly what the Armenians’ fate
would be along these routes, or if they survived the deportations and reached
Der Zor; he was previously the governor of Aleppo and had witnessed the
atrocities there. Celal Bey had attempted to reason with the Ittihat ve Terakki
leaders, saying that there was absolutely no Armenian revolt in Anatolia, nor
in Aleppo, and that there was no justification for the mass deportations.
However, one of his subordinates in Marash inflamed the situation by arresting
and executing several Marash Armenians, triggering a resistance by the
Armenians. As a result, Celal Bey was removed from his governor’s post in
Aleppo and transferred to Konya. Once there, he refused to arrange for the
deportation of the Konya Armenians, despite repeated orders from Istanbul. He
even managed to protect some of the Armenians who were deported from other
districts and arrived in Konya. By the time he was removed from his post, in
October 1915, he had saved thousands of Armenian lives. In his memoirs about the
Konya governorship, he likened himself to “a person sitting beside a river,
with absolutely no means of rescuing anyone from it. Blood was flowing down the
river, with thousands of innocent children, irreproachable old men, and
helpless women streaming down the river towards oblivion. Anyone I could save
with my bare hands, I saved, and the rest went down the river, never to
return.”
Hasan Mazhar Bey was the governor of Ankara. He protected
the Ankara-Armenian community by refusing to follow the deportation orders,
stating, “I am a vali [governor], not a bandit. I cannot do this. Let someone
else come and sit in my chair to carry out these orders.” He was removed from
his post in August 1915.
Faik Ali (Ozansoy) Bey was the governor of Kutahya,
another central Anatolian province. When the deportation order was issued from
Istanbul, he refused to implement it; on the contrary, he gave orders to keep
the deported Armenians arriving in Kutahya from elsewhere, and treat them well.
He was soon summoned to Istanbul to explain his subordination, and the police
chief of Kutahya, Kemal Bey, took the opportunity to threaten the local
Armenians—either convert to Islam or face deportation, he said. The Armenians
decided to convert. When Faik Ali Bey returned, he was enraged. He removed the
police chief from his post, and asked the Armenians if they still wished to
convert to Islam. They all decided to remain Christian, except one. Faik Ali’s
brother, Suleyman Nazif Bey, was an influential and well-known poet who urged
his brother not to participate in this barbarianism and stain the family name.
Faik Ali Bey was not removed from his post despite his offers of resignation.
He ended up protecting the entire Armenian population of Kutahya, except for
the one who converted to Islam and was deported.
Mustafa Bey (Azizoglu) was the district governor of
Malatya, a transit point on the deportation route. Although he was unable to
prevent the deportations, he managed to hide several Armenians in his own home.
He was murdered by his own son, a zealous member of the Ittihat ve Terakki
Party, for “looking after infidels [gavours, in Turkish].”
Other government officials who defied the deportation
orders included Reshit Pasha, the governor of Kastamonu; Tahsin Bey, the
governor of Erzurum; Ferit Bey, the governor of Basra; Mehmet Cemal Bey, the
district governor of Yozgat; and Sabit Bey, the district governor of Batman.
These officials were eventually removed from their posts and replaced by more
obedient civil servants, who carried out the task of wiping out the Armenians
from these locations.
One of the most tragic stories of unsung heroes involves
Huseyin Nesimi Bey, the mayor of Lice, a town near Diyarbakir. While the
governor of Diyarbakir, Reshit Bey, organized the most ruthless removal of the
Armenians in the Diyarbakir region—with a quick massacre, rather than lengthy
deportation, immediately outside of the city limits—Huseyin Nesimi dared to
keep and protect the Lice Armenians, a total of 5,980 souls. Reshit summoned
Huseyin Nesimi to Diyarbakir for a meeting, but arranged to have his Circassian
militant guard Haroun intercept him en route. On June 15, 1915, Haroun murdered
Huseyin Nesimi and threw him into a ditch beside the road. Since then, the
murder location, halfway between Lice and Diyarbakir, has become known as
Turbe-i Kaymakam, or the Mayor’s Grave. The Turkish records document this
murder as “Mayor killed by Armenian militants.” In an ironic twist of history
repeating itself, in October 1993 the Turkish state army attacked Lice,
supposedly to go after the Kurdish rebel militants there; instead, they ended
up burning down the entire town and killing the civilian population. This
became the first case the Kurds took to the European Human Rights Court,
resulting in a 2.5 million pound compensation against the Turkish state. At the
same time, several wealthy Kurdish businessmen were targeted for assassination
and murdered by then-Turkish Prime Minister Tansu Ciller. One of the victims
was a man named Behcet Canturk, whose mother was an Armenian orphan who had
managed to survive the Lice massacres of 1915.
Governor Reshit was also responsible for firing and
murdering several other government officials in the Diyarbakir region who had
defied the deportation orders: Chermik Mayor Mehmet Hamdi Bey, Savur Mayor
Mehmet Ali Bey, Silvan Mayor Ibrahim Hakki Bey, Mardin Mayor Hilmi Bey,
followed by Shefik Bey, were all fired in mid- to late-1915. Another official,
Nuri Bey, the mayor of first Midyat and then Derik, an all-Armenian town near
Mardin, was also fired by Reshit Bey, and subsequently murdered by his
henchmen. His murder was blamed on Armenian rebels. As a result, all of the
Armenian males in Derik were rounded up and executed, and the women and
children deported.
The names of these brave men are not in the history
books. If mentioned at all, they are labeled as “traitors” from the perspective
of the official Turkish version of history. While the state and the masses
committed a huge crime, and while that crime became a part of their daily life,
these men rejected the genocidal campaign, based on individual conscience, and
despite the temptation of enriching themselves. These few virtuous men, as well
as a significant number of ordinary Turks and Kurds, defied the orders and
protected the Armenians. They are the real heroes, and represent the Turkish
version of similar characters in “Schindler’s List” or “Hotel Rwanda.” Citizens
of Turkey today have two choices when remembering their forefathers as heroes:
to either go with the mass murderers and plunderers who committed “crimes
against humanity,” or the virtuous human beings with a clear conscience who
tried to prevent the “crimes against humanity.” Getting to know these real
heroes will help Turks break loose from the chains of denialist history over
four generations, and start to confront the realities of 1915.
About Raffi Bedrosyan
Raffi Bedrosyan is a civil engineer as well as a concert
pianist, living in Toronto, Canada. For the past several years, proceeds from
his concerts and two CDs have been donated to the construction of school,
highway, water, and gas distribution projects in Armenia and Karabagh—projects
in which he has also participated as a voluntary engineer. Bedrosyan was
involved in organizing the Surp Giragos Diyarbakir/Dikranagerd Church
reconstruction project, and in promoting the significance of this historic
project worldwide as the first Armenian reclaim of church properties in
Anatolia after 1915. In September 2012, he gave the first Armenian piano concert
in the Surp Giragos Church since 1915. More Posts
Sources
Tuncay Opcin, “Ermenilere Kol Kanat Gerdiler (They
protected the Armenians),” Yeni Aktuel, 2007, issue 142.
Ayse Hur, “1915 Ermeni soykiriminda kotuler ve iyiler
(The good and the bad in the 1915 Armenian Genocide),” Radikal newspaper, April
29, 2013.
Seyhmus Diken, “Kaymakam Ermeniydi, Oldurduler… (The
mayor was Armenian, they killed him…),” Bianet, April 23, 2011.
Orhan Cengiz, “1915: Heroes and Murderers,” Cihan News
Agency, Nov. 2, 2012.
Tuncay Opcin, “Ermenilere Kol Kanat Gerdiler (They
protected the Armenians),” Yeni Aktuel, 2007, issue 142.
Ayse Hur, “1915 Ermeni soykiriminda kotuler ve iyiler
(The good and the bad in the 1915 Armenian Genocide),” Radikal newspaper, April
29, 2013.
Seyhmus Diken, “Kaymakam Ermeniydi, Oldurduler… (The
mayor was Armenian, they killed him…),” Bianet, April 23, 2011.
Orhan Cengiz, “1915: Heroes and Murderers,” Cihan News
Agency, Nov. 2, 2012.
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